双语特斯拉究竟有多环保？

　　How Clean Are Tesla’s Cars Really?
　　电动汽车怀疑论者认为，像#特斯拉#这样的电动汽车，其制造和废弃处理以及对煤炭发电的依赖使电动汽车比燃油汽车产生更大的碳足迹。
　　Electric vehicle skeptics sometimes argue that the manufacturing and disposal of  battery-electric vehicles  like  Teslas  as well as reliance on coal to generate the electricity that powers them leaves EVs with a larger  carbon footprint  than  nonelectric vehicles .
　　这种说法貌似很荒唐，但其实是有依据的，电动汽车的制造和处置确实会产生比非电动汽车多得多的温室气体。 然而，汽车的制造和废弃处理只是车辆终身寿命中的一部分，更关键的是车辆多年在道路上行驶产生的碳足迹。
　　While that claim on the surface might sound absurd, it has a solid basis nonetheless because it has been proven that manufacturing and disposal of EVs results in significantly more greenhouse gasses than nonelectric models. However, that’s only part of the picture because most of the pollution associated with vehicles is linked to their on-road use over many years.
　　有些大学和组织对此做了详细完整的研究，比较了车辆生产、使用和废弃处理所产生的温室气体排放量。
　　To determine the environmental costs of the trade-off, several universities and trade organizations have conducted life cycle analyses that compare the amount of  greenhouse gasses  created from the production, use and disposal of a  B.E.V.  vs. gasoline-powered vehicles of comparable size.
　　车辆排放物分为两大类：导致健康问题的空气污染物，以及二氧化碳和甲烷等温室气体。 这两类排放涉及燃料生产、加工、输送、使用、车辆和电池制造、回收和废弃处理等环节。
　　Vehicle emissions are pided into two general categories: air pollutants, which contribute to health problems and  greenhouse gasses (GHGs) , such as carbon dioxide and methane. Both categories of emissions are frequently evaluated on a tailpipe basis, a well-to-wheel basis, and a cradle-to-grave basis. Well-to-wheel emissions are emissions related to fuel production, processing, distribution and use while cradle-to-grave emissions include well-to-wheel emissions as well as vehicle-cycle emissions associated with vehicle and battery manufacturing, recycling, and disposal.
　　研究发现，总得说来，纯电动汽车与燃油汽车造成的温室气体排放经过前面几年之后就持平了。
　　The good news: whereas these studies have arrived at varying emission figures, they have invariably found that the greenhouse-gas emission difference caused by the carbon-intensive production of BEVs vs. ICE vehicles is virtually erased in the first few years of an EVs life.
　　密歇根大学的研究表明，电动轿车需要 1.4 到 1.5 年的时间才能消除制造过程中产生的污染； 越野车为 1.6 至 1.9 年，皮卡则为 1.6 年左右。这是基于美国的情况。
　　In one such study conducted by the University of Michigan, it takes 1.4 to 1.5 years for EV sedans to erase the pollution advantage of ICE vehicles due to the manufacturing process; 1.6 to 1.9 years for S.U.V.s and about 1.6 years for pickup trucks. These numbers are based on the average number of vehicle miles driven in the United States.
　　另外，平均而言，电动轿车排放量约为燃油轿车的 35%； 电动越野车约为 37%，而电动皮卡约为 34%。 全电动汽车、插电式混合动力电动汽车和混合动力电动汽车产生的尾气排放量总体来说低于燃油汽车，它们常年仅靠电力行驶时尾气排放量为零。
　　According to the study, on average, emissions from B.E.V. sedans are ~35% of the emissions from an internal-combustion sedan; electric S.U.V.s produce ~37% of the emissions of a gasoline-powered vehicle while B.E.V. pickups create ~34% of the emissions of an internal combustion model. All-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs, which operate as EVs for limited distances), produce lower tailpipe emissions than ICE vehicles, and zero tailpipe emissions when they run only on electricity.
　　发电部分 Electricity Generation
　　尽管电动汽车尾气排放为零，但发电本身可能会产生碳排放，具体取决于电力来源。
　　Even though all-electric vehicles as well as PHEVs running only on electricity produce zero tailpipe emissions, electricity production may generate emissions depending on how the electricity is generated.
　　据该研究统计，美国 3,143 个县中有 78 个县的电动轿车排放量实际上比燃油汽车排放量还要多，因为它们的大部分电力是煤电。
　　According to Greg Keoleian, director of the Center for Sustainable Systems at the University of Michigan, 78 of the 3,143 counties in the United States actually have more emissions from electric sedans than from internal combustion vehicles because they generate most of their electricity by burning coal.
　　总的来说，电动汽车比燃油汽车更环保。
　　But overall, electric vehicles are much kinder on the environment than ICEs.
　　据美国能源部称，美国平均每辆纯电动汽车每年产生 2,817 磅二氧化碳当量； 插电式混合动力汽车每年排放 4,824 磅二氧化碳当量，混合动力汽车产生 6,898 磅二氧化碳当量，而汽油动力汽车每年产生 12,594 磅二氧化碳当量。
　　According to the U.S. Department Of Energy, the average all-electric vehicle in the U.S. produces 2,817 pounds of CO2 equivalent per year; plug-in hybrids emit 4,824 pounds of CO2 equivalent, hybrid vehicles generate 6,898 pounds while gasoline-powered vehicles produce 12,594 pounds of CO2 equivalent per year.
　　特斯拉的情况 The Tesla Juggernaut
　　特斯拉的最新报告称公司已经在制造过程中实施了完全垂直整合，以最大限度地减少碳排放。 特斯拉自称其电动汽车比其他电动汽车能够更有效地将电能转化为动力，并声称 Model 3 Standard Range Plus (SR+) 是市场上最节能的汽车。
　　In Tesla’s latest Impact Report, the company says it has implemented full vertical integration in its manufacturing process to minimize its emissions profile. The EV maker says that Tesla cars can convert electricity into power more efficiently than other equivalent EVs, and claims that the Model 3 Standard Range Plus (SR+) is the most energy-efficient vehicle on the market.
　　在电池处理方面，特斯拉表示，迄今为止，即使是旧型号的特斯拉电池也很少被退役，因为其电池组的设计寿命比汽车本身长。 公司还表示，考虑到将来，公司已经在内部实施闭环电池回收系统，该系统将回收所有类型的特斯拉电池，并重复使用高达 92% 的原材料。
　　When it comes to battery disposal, Tesla says that few Tesla batteries, even from older models, have been decommissioned to-date because its battery packs are designed to outlast the vehicle itself. The company says that in preparation for the future, its battery factories have begun implementing an  in-house, closed-loop recycling system  that will recycle all types of Tesla batteries and re-use up to 92% of their raw metals.
　　特斯拉表示，截止 2020 年，其汽车减少了 500 万吨二氧化碳当量排放，相当于约 110 万辆燃油车的排放量，或大致等同于佛蒙特州的年排放量。
　　Tesla says that in 2020, its cars saved  5.0 million metric tons  of CO2e emissions, equal to the emissions of ~1.1 million automobiles or about the same as the yearly emissions of the state of Vermont.