双语为什么斯里兰卡处于经济危机之中？

　　Sri Lanka: Why is the country in an economic crisis?
　　图片来源，盖蒂图片社/ IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES
　　上图：守卫斯里兰卡总理办公室的军队宣布进入紧急状态
　　Soldiers guard the office of Sri Lanka＂s prime minister as a state of emergency is declared
　　斯里兰卡已宣布进入紧急状态，总统戈塔巴雅·拉贾帕克萨已逃离该国。
　　A state of emergency has been declared in Sri Lanka, and President Gotabaya Rajapaksa has fled the country.
　　在他离开之前的数月以来，人们对物价飙升以及食品和燃料短缺进行大规模抗议活动。
　　His departure follows months of mass protests over soaring prices and a lack of food and fuel.
　　该国的外汇储备几近枯竭，并且已经错过了债务利息支付期限。
　　The country＂s foreign currency reserves have virtually run dry, and it has already missed debt interest payments.
　　斯里兰卡发生了什么？
　　What has been happening in Sri Lanka?
　　日用品价格急剧上涨。通货膨胀率超过50%。
　　此外，还出现了大范围的停电。
　　药品的缺乏使卫生系统濒临崩溃。
　　The price of everyday goods has risen sharply. Inflation is running at more than 50%.
　　There have also been widespread power cuts.
　　A lack of medicines has brought the health system to the verge of collapse.
　　该国没有足够的燃料用于公共汽车、火车和医疗车辆等基本服务，官员们表示，该国已没有足够的外汇进口更多燃料了。
　　The country doesn＂t have enough fuel for essential services like buses, trains and medical vehicles, and officials say it doesn＂t have enough foreign currency to import more.
　　自今年年初以来，由于缺乏燃料，汽油和柴油价格大幅上涨。
　　This lack of fuel has caused petrol and diesel prices to rise dramatically since the start of the year.
　　6月底，政府禁止向非必需车辆销售汽油和柴油，为期两周。这被认为是自1970年代以来第一个这样做的国家。燃料销售仍然受到严格限制。
　　In late June, the government banned the sale of petrol and diesel for non-essential vehicles for two weeks. It＂s thought to be the first country to do so since the 1970s. Sales of fuel remain severely restricted.
　　学校已经关闭，人们被要求在家工作，以帮助节省物资。
　　Schools have closed, and people have been asked to work from home to help conserve supplies.
　　当一个国家没钱了会发生什么？
　　What happens when a country runs out of money?
　　除了无法从国外购买所需商品外，斯里兰卡在5月份未能支付其外债利息，这是其历史上第一次。
　　As well as not being able to buy goods it needs from abroad, in May Sri Lanka failed to make an interest payment on its foreign debt for the first time in its history.
　　该国可在30天内拿出7800万美元（6300万英镑）来支付到期利息，但央行行长P Nandalal Weerasinghe表示无法支付。
　　The country had been given 30 days to come up with $78m (£63m) to cover the interest due, but central bank governor P Nandalal Weerasinghe said it could not pay.
　　图片来源，EPA-EFE/REX/SHUTTERSTOCK
　　上图：排着长队购买燃料 - 就像在科伦坡的这样 - 使正常生活变得不可能
　　Long queues for fuel - like this one in Colombo - have made normal life impossible
　　世界上最大的两家信用评级机构也证实，斯里兰卡拖欠了债务。
　　Two of the world＂s biggest credit rating agencies also confirmed Sri Lanka had defaulted on its debt payments.
　　不支付债务利息可能会损害一个国家在投资者中的声誉，使其更难在国际市场上借入所需的资金。这可能会进一步损害人们对其货币和经济的信心。
　　Failure to pay debt interest can damage a country＂s reputation with investors, making it harder for it to borrow the money it needs on international markets. This can further harm confidence in its currency and economy.
　　有解决危机的计划吗？
　　Is there a plan to solve the crisis?
　　拉贾帕克萨总统已任命总理拉尼尔·维克勒马辛哈在他缺席期间为代理总统。
　　维克勒马辛哈先生试图稳定局势，宣布全国进入紧急状态，同时对西部省份实行宵禁。
　　President Rajapaksa has appointed Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe as acting president in his absence.
　　Mr Wickremesinghe has declared a state of emergency across the country and a curfew has been imposed in the western province while he tries to stabilise the situation
　　拉贾帕克萨先生的离开结束了过去二十年来主导斯里兰卡政治的家族王朝。
　　Mr Rajapaksa＂s departure ends a family dynasty that has dominated Sri Lanka＂s politics for the past two decades
　　斯里兰卡政府拥有超过510亿美元（390亿英镑）的外债，其中65亿美元是欠中国的，两国正在就如何重组债务进行谈判。
　　Sri Lanka＂s government has more than $51bn (£39bn) in foreign debt, $6.5bn of which is owed to China, and the two countries are in negotiations about how to restructure the debt.
　　由加拿大、法国、德国、意大利、日本、英国和美国等主要工业国家组成的G7集团表示，它支持斯里兰卡重组债务的努力。
　　The G7 group of leading industrial countries - Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK and the US - had said it supports Sri Lanka＂s attempts to reduce its debt repayments.
　　世界银行已同意向斯里兰卡提供6亿美元贷款，印度已提供至少19亿美元。
　　The World Bank has agreed to lend Sri Lanka $600m, and India has offered at least $1.9bn.
　　斯里兰卡政府还与国际货币基金组织（IMF）就可能提供的30亿美元（25亿英镑）贷款进行了谈判。
　　The Sri Lankan government has also been in talks with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) about a possible $3bn (£2.5bn) loan.
　　国际货币基金组织（IMF）与190个成员国合作，以稳定世界经济。该组织表示，政府必须提高利率和税收，作为达成任何协议的条件。
　　The IMF - which works with its 190 member countries to stabilise the world economy - said the government would have to raise interest rates and taxes as a condition of any deal.
　　这还需要一个稳定的政府到位，因此，在新政府接管之前，任何救助都可能被推迟，
　　It would also require a stable government to be in place, so any bailout may be delayed until a new administration takes over.
　　Banging dishes together to protest at the food price hikes.
　　上图：百姓敲打菜盘，抗议食品价格上涨。
　　代理总统维克勒马辛哈（Wickremesinghe）已经表示，政府将印钞以支付员工的工资，但他警告称，这可能会加剧通货膨胀，并导致价格进一步上涨。
　　Acting President Wickremesinghe had already said the government will print money to pay employees＂ salaries, but has warned this is likely to boost inflation and lead to further price hikes.
　　他还表示，国有的斯里兰卡航空公司可以私有化。
　　He also said state-owned Sri Lankan Airlines could be privatised.
　　该国已要求俄罗斯和卡塔尔以低价向其供应石油，以帮助降低汽油成本。
　　The country has asked Russia and Qatar to supply it with oil at low prices to help reduce the cost of petrol.
　　是什么导致了经济危机？
　　What led to the economic crisis?
　　斯里兰卡政府指责新冠肺炎疫情影响了斯里兰卡的旅游业，而旅游业是斯里兰卡最大的外汇收入来源之一。
　　The government has blamed the Covid pandemic, which affected Sri Lanka＂s tourist trade - one of its biggest foreign currency earners.
　　它还说，游客们被2019年发生的一系列致命炸弹袭击吓跑了。
　　It also says tourists were frightened off by a series of deadly bomb attacks in 2019.
　　然而，许多专家指责经济管理不善。
　　However, many experts blame economic mismanagement.
　　President Rajapaksa faced widespread calls to step down
　　上图：拉贾帕克萨总统面临着被要求下台的广泛呼声
　　在2009年内战结束时，斯里兰卡选择专注于向国内市场提供商品，而不是试图促进对外贸易。
　　At the end of its civil war in 2009, Sri Lanka chose to focus on providing goods to its domestic market, instead of trying to boost foreign trade.
　　这意味着它对其他国家的出口收入仍然很低，而进口费用却在不断增长。
　　This meant its income from exports to other countries remained low, while the bill for imports kept growing.
　　斯里兰卡现在每年的进口额比出口额多30亿美元（23亿英镑），这就是为什么它的外汇已经耗尽了。
　　Sri Lanka now imports $3bn (£2.3bn) more than it exports every year, and that is why it has run out of foreign currency.
　　截至2019年底，斯里兰卡的外汇储备为76亿美元（58亿英镑），现已降至2.5亿美元（2.1亿英镑）左右。
　　At the end of 2019, Sri Lanka had $7.6bn (£5.8bn) in foreign currency reserves, which have dropped to around $250m (£210m).
　　前总统拉贾帕克萨（Rajapaksa）也因他在2019年实施的大幅减税而受到批评，该减税措施导致政府每年的损失超过14亿美元（11.3亿英镑）。
　　Former President Rajapaksa had also been criticised for big tax cuts he introduced in 2019, which lost the government income of more than $1.4bn (£1.13bn) a year.
　　转向有机肥料导致了大面积的作物歉收，加剧了外汇短缺
　　The switch to organic fertilisers resulted in widespread crop failure, exacerbating foreign currency shortages
　　当斯里兰卡的外汇短缺在2021年初成为一个严重的问题时，政府试图通过禁止进口化肥来限制外汇流出。
　　When Sri Lanka＂s foreign currency shortages became a serious problem in early 2021, the government tried to limit them by banning imports of chemical fertiliser.
　　它告诉农民使用当地采购的有机肥料。
　　It told farmers to use locally sourced organic fertilisers instead.
　　这导致了广泛的作物歉收。斯里兰卡不得不从国外补充其粮食储备，这使得其外汇短缺更加严重。
　　This led to widespread crop failure. Sri Lanka had to supplement its food stocks from abroad, which made its foreign currency shortage even worse.
　　资料来源 Ayeshea Perera BBC News
　　翻译 JC
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