科学一周（20230224）论文导读

　　编译｜冯维维
　　Science , 24 Feb 2023, Volume 379 Issue 6634
　　《科学》 2023年2月24日，第379卷6634期
　　生物物理和大气物理学
　　Biophysics & Atmospheric physics
　　Metabolite-induced in vivo fabrication of substrate-free organic bioelectronics
　　代谢产物诱导的无底物有机生物电子的体内制造
　　▲ 作者：XENOFON STRAKOSAS, HANNE BIESMANS, TOBIAS ABRAHAMSSON, KARIN HELLMAN, MALIN SILVERÅ EJNEBY, MARY J. DONAHUE, PETER EKSTRÖM, FREDRIK EK, MARIOS SAVVAKIS, AND MAGNUS BERGGREN
　　▲ 链接：
　　https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adc9998
　　▲ 摘要：
　　将电子学与神经组织连接起来对于理解复杂的生物功能至关重要，但传统的生物电子学由刚性电极组成，从根本上与生命系统不兼容。静态固态电子和动态生物物质之间的差异使得两者的无缝集成具有挑战性。为了解决这种不兼容性，研究者开发了一种在生物环境中动态创建软基无导电材料的方法。
　　他们在斑马鱼和水蛭模型中演示了体内电极的形成，使用内源性代谢物在可注射凝胶内触发有机前体的酶聚合，从而形成具有远距离导电性的导电聚合物凝胶。这种方法可用于靶向特定的生物子结构，适用于神经刺激，为神经系统内完全集成的、体内制造的电子器件铺平了道路。
　　▲ Abstract：
　　Interfacing electronics with neural tissue is crucial for understanding complex biological functions, but conventional bioelectronics consist of rigid electrodes fundamentally incompatible with living systems. The difference between static solid-state electronics and dynamic biological matter makes seamless integration of the two challenging. To address this incompatibility, we developed a method to dynamically create soft substrate-free conducting materials within the biological environment. We demonstrate in vivo electrode formation in zebrafish and leech models, using endogenous metabolites to trigger enzymatic polymerization of organic precursors within an injectable gel, thereby forming conducting polymer gels with long-range conductivity. This approach can be used to target specific biological substructures and is suitable for nerve stimulation, paving the way for fully integrated, in vivo–fabricated electronics within the nervous system.
　　Pyrocumulonimbus affect average stratospheric aerosol composition
　　热积云影响平流层气溶胶成分
　　▲ 作者：J. M. KATICH, E. C. APEL, I. BOURGEOIS, C. A. BROCK, T. P. BUI, P. CAMPUZANO-JOST, R. COMMANE, B. DAUBE, M. DOLLNER, AND J. P. SCHWARZ
　　▲ 链接：
　　https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.add3101
　　▲ 摘要：
　　大型野火可产生热积雨云，将烟雾输送到平流层，对平流层气溶胶平衡和气候产生重大影响。研究者分析了13年的空中观测数据，以确定热积云烟雾的化学和物理成分，并量化其对平流层气溶胶的影响。
　　研究发现，现在平流层下部的黑碳和有机气溶胶中有25%是由这些云造成的，随着极端火灾的频率和严重程度的增加，这些云可能对未来的气候产生更重要的影响。
　　▲ Abstract：
　　Large wildfires can generate pyrocumulonimbus clouds that transport smoke into the stratosphere and have major impacts on the stratospheric aerosol budget and climate. Katich et al. analyzed 13 years of airborne observations to determine the chemical and physical compositions of pyrocumulonimbus smoke and to quantify its effects on stratospheric aerosols. These clouds are responsible for as much as 25% of the black carbon and organic aerosols now in the lower stratosphere and may become an even more important influence on future climate as the frequency and severity of extreme fires increase.
　　古生物学
　　paleontology
　　Global impact and selectivity of the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction among sharks, skates, and rays
　　白垩纪-古近纪鲨鱼、冰鱼和鳐鱼大规模灭绝的全球影响和选择性
　　▲ 作者：GUILLAUME GUINOT AND FABIEN L. CONDAMINE
　　▲ 链接：
　　https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn2080
　　▲ 摘要：
　　白垩纪-古近纪事件是最后一次大规模灭绝事件，其对物种级海洋脊椎动物多样性的影响和长期影响在很大程度上仍未确定。作者量化了白垩纪末期事件导致的板鳃目动物（鲨鱼、鳐鱼和鳐鱼）的物种形成、灭绝和生态变化，使用了全球范围内跨越晚白垩纪-古新世间隔的>3200个化石发现和675个物种。
　　研究发现，白垩纪-古近纪界线处，类目数量下降了>62%，古新世未完全恢复。白垩纪末期事件引发了一种异质的灭绝模式，鳐鱼和硬食物种达到了最高的灭绝水平（>72%），鲨鱼和非硬食物种受到的影响较小。
　　地理范围大的分类单元和/或那些局限于高纬度环境的分类单元显示出更高的存活率。白垩纪-古近纪事件极大地改变了海洋生态系统的进化史。
　　▲ Abstract：
　　The Cretaceous-Paleogene event was the last mass extinction event, yet its impact and long-term effects on species-level marine vertebrate persity remain largely uncharacterized. We quantified elasmobranch (sharks, skates, and rays) speciation, extinction, and ecological change resulting from the end-Cretaceous event using >3200 fossil occurrences and 675 species spanning the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene interval at global scale. Elasmobranchs declined by >62% at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and did not fully recover in the Paleocene. The end-Cretaceous event triggered a heterogeneous pattern of extinction, with rays and durophagous species reaching the highest levels of extinction (>72%) and sharks and nondurophagous species being less affected. Taxa with large geographic ranges and/or those restricted to high-latitude settings show higher survival. The Cretaceous-Paleogene event drastically altered the evolutionary history of marine ecosystems.
　　Developmental strategies underlying gigantism and miniaturization in non-avialan theropod dinosaurs
　　恐龙巨型和小型化的发育策略
　　▲ 作者：MICHAEL D. D＂EMIC, PATRICK M. O’CONNOR, RILEY S. SOMBATHY, IGNACIO CERDA, THOMAS R. PASCUCCI, DAVID VARRICCHIO, DIEGO POL, ANJALI DAVE, RODOLFO A. CORIA, AND KRISTINA A. CURRY ROGERS
　　▲ 链接：
　　https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adc8714
　　▲ 摘要：
　　在进化史上，许多不同的类群都进化出了非常大的体型。一般的共识是，动物长到很大的体型是基于生长速度的增加。然而，很少有研究在比较系统发育框架内对许多物种的这一问题进行了探索。
　　作者研究了一个大型的非鸟类兽脚亚目恐龙数据集，这些恐龙身体大小各异。他们发现有证据表明，生长速度的变化有助于体型的变化，但也发现生长持续时间的变化在很大程度上起了作用。
　　▲ Abstract：
　　Over evolutionary history, many different taxa have evolved very large body sizes. The general consensus has been that an animal grows to a large size based on an increase in growth rate. However, very few studies have explored this question across many species within a comparative phylogenetic framework. D’Emic et al. looked across a large dataset of non-avialan theropod dinosaurs, which had an array of body sizes. They found evidence supporting changes in growth rate contributing to body size change, but also found that changes in the duration of growth played a large role.
　　化学和生物地球化学
　　Chemistry & Biogeochemistry
　　Low-temperature upcycling of polyolefins into liquid alkanes via tandem cracking-alkylation
　　串联裂化-烷基化聚烯烃低温升级循环成液态烷烃
　　▲ 作者：WEI ZHANG, SUNGMIN KIM, LENNART WAHL, RACHIT KHARE, LILLIAN HAL, JIANZHI HU, DONALD M. CAMAIONI, OLIVER Y. GUTIÉRREZ, YUE LIU , AND JOHANNES A. LERCHER
　　▲ 链接：
　　https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade7485
　　▲ 摘要：
　　聚乙烯和聚丙烯有许多有用的特性，但其抗化学降解性使处理相关废弃物成为一个挑战。特别是，加热到高温以破坏潜在的碳-碳键可能是能源密集型的。
　　研究者报道了氯化铝基离子液体介质在低于100℃的温度下可以促进这些聚烯烃塑料分解为液体燃料。该方法用由此产生的中间体之间的烷基化反应释放的能量来补偿指向键分裂的能量。
　　▲ Abstract：
　　Polyethylene and polypropylene have many useful properties, but their resistance to chemical degradation makes processing their waste a challenge. In particular, heating to high temperatures to crack the underlying carbon–carbon bonds can be energy intensive. Zhang et al. report that an aluminum chloride–based ionic liquid medium can promote the breakdown of these polyolefin plastics into liquid fuels at temperatures below 100°C. The method compensates for the energy directed toward bond scission with energy released from alkylation reactions among the resulting intermediates.
　　Multidecadal trend of increasing iron stress in Southern Ocean phytoplankton
　　南大洋浮游植物铁胁迫增加的多年代际趋势
　　▲ 作者：THOMAS J. RYAN-KEOGH, SANDY J. THOMALLA, PEDRO M. S. MONTEIRO, AND ALESSANDRO TAGLIABUE
　　▲ 链接：
　　https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl5237
　　▲ 摘要：
　　南大洋初级生产力主要由光和铁限制的调整控制，但铁的可用性、可获得性和需求的空间和时间决定因素约束得很差，这阻碍了准确的长期预测。研究者通过生物地球化学Argo浮标和船基平台收集的历史原位数据集，介绍了1996年至2022年的浮游植物光生理的几十年记录。
　　他们发现由于铁应力的增加，辐照归一化非光化学猝灭具有显著的多年代际趋势，同时伴随着区域净初级产量的下降。观测到的铁应力增加趋势是南大洋混合层物理变化以及复杂的生物和化学反馈造成的，这表明南大洋碳循环正在发生重要的变化。
　　▲ Abstract：
　　Southern Ocean primary productivity is principally controlled by adjustments in light and iron limitation, but the spatial and temporal determinants of iron availability, accessibility, and demand are poorly constrained, which hinders accurate long-term projections. We present a multidecadal record of phytoplankton photophysiology between 1996 and 2022 from historical in situ datasets collected by Biogeochemical Argo (BGC-Argo) floats and ship-based platforms. We find a significant multidecadal trend in irradiance-normalized nonphotochemical quenching due to increasing iron stress, with concomitant declines in regional net primary production. The observed trend of increasing iron stress results from changing Southern Ocean mixed-layer physics as well as complex biological and chemical feedback that is indicative of important ongoing changes to the Southern Ocean carbon cycle.