物流学物流概述（下）

　　物流学——物流概述（下）
　　一、企业内部的物流关系
　　采购部分会专门讲解，因此这里只讨论财务、生产和营销的关系。‍
　　The purchasing part will be specifically explained, so here only the relationship between finance, production and marketing will be discussed. ‍
　　1、财务
　　财务人员通常负责将企业有限的资金分配给各业务部门所申请的项目，因此财务部门通常在批准那些影响物流的资金预算决策中起着重要作用。而在库存问题上，财务部门通常用资金成本或价值来衡量库存，然而物流部门倾向于用库存单位来衡量库存，因此，这两个部门或许会在库存问题上产生摩擦。‍
　　The financial staff is usually responsible for allocating the limited funds of the enterprise to the projects applied by the various business departments, so the financial department usually plays an important role in approving the capital budgeting decisions that affect logistics. On the issue of inventory, the finance department usually uses the cost of capital or value to measure inventory, but the logistics department tends to use inventory units to measure inventory. Therefore, the two departments may create friction on inventory issues. ‍
　　2、生产
　　生产和物流间最常见的联系体现在生产批量上。在很多情况下，生产人员希望每种产品的生产批量更大一些，因为这可以将相关的固定成本分摊给更多的产品，从而使单位生产成本更低。但是，生产批量过大会导致大量的库存，储存和跟踪这些生产单位通常是物流人员的责任，因此物流人员会有较大的压力。‍
　　The most common link between production and logistics is in production batches. In many cases, the production staff hope that the production batch of each product is larger, because this can allocate the related fixed costs to more products, so that the unit production cost is lower. However, excessive production batches will result in a large amount of inventory. It is usually the responsibility of logistics personnel to store and track these production units, so logistics personnel will have greater pressure. ‍
　　3、营销
　　当代营销非常强调顾客满意度，物流策略可以通过降低产品成本来提高顾客满意度，即以低价格在顾客希望购买或使用的地点为顾客提供更多的选择。而关于物流与营销关系的讨论中主要集中在营销组合上，及地点决策、价格决策、产品决策和促销决策。‍
　　Contemporary marketing places great emphasis on customer satisfaction. Logistics strategies can improve customer satisfaction by reducing product costs, that is, to provide customers with more choices at low prices where they want to buy or use. The discussion on the relationship between logistics and marketing mainly focused on marketing mix, location decision, price decision, product decision and promotion decision. ‍
　　二、营销渠道
　　营销渠道是指从生产地向消费地移动商品和转移商品所有权所需的一系列机构，包括所有机构和营销过程中的所有营销活动。而物流渠道对整个渠道过程最显著的贡献是分类组合功能，该功能弥合了生产者的商品、服务组合与消费者所需要的产品、服务组合之间的差异。分类组合功能有归类、集中、调配和配货四个步骤，这些步骤对理解商品在物流渠道中的流动非常重要。‍
　　Marketing channels refer to a series of institutions required to move goods and transfer the ownership of goods from the place of production to the place of consumption, including all institutions and all marketing activities in the marketing process. The most significant contribution of logistics channels to the entire channel process is the classification and combination function, which bridges the difference between the product and service combination of producers and the combination of products and services required by consumers. The classification and combination function has four steps of classification, concentration, deployment and distribution. These steps are very important for understanding the flow of goods in logistics channels.
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　　三、物流渠道中的活动
　　为了将不同的方法应用于物流，有必要理解不同的物流活动，然而，一种物流方法不可能适用所有的企业。已被认为与物流相关的活动包括但不限于以下活动：
　　顾客服务、需求预测、设施选址决策、国际物流、库存管理、物料搬运、订单管理、包装、采购、逆向物流、运输管理和仓储管理。‍
　　In order to apply different methods to logistics, it is necessary to understand different logistics activities. However, one logistics method cannot be applicable to all enterprises. Activities that have been considered to be related to logistics include but are not limited to the following activities:
　　Customer service, demand forecasting, facility location decision-making, international logistics, inventory management, material handling, order management, packaging, procurement, reverse logistics, transportation management and warehouse management. ‍
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　　参考文献：《物流学（第12版）》——中国人民大学出版社
　　图片来源于百度
　　翻译来源于谷歌翻译‍