像经济学家一样思考

　　☆ 像经济学家一样思考 ☆
　　每个领域都有自己的语言和思考方式。数学家谈论公理、积分和向量空间。心理学家谈论自我。本我和认知失调。律师谈论案发现场、侵权行为和允许禁止反言原则。
　　经济学家也没有什么不同。供给、需求、比较优势消费者剩余和无谓损失——这些术语是经济学家语言的一部分。在以后，你将遇到许多新术语，还会碰到一些经济学家以特定方式使用的熟悉词汇。乍一看，这种新语言似乎有一种不必要的神秘。但是，正如你将了解到的，它的价值在于能够为你提供一种关于你所生活的世界的新的、有用的思考方式。
　　经济学家们努力以科学家的客观态度来研究他们的学科。像所有科学家一样，他们做出了适当的假设并建立了简化的模型，以便理解我们周围的世界，两个简单的模型是循环流量图和生产可能性边界。
　　经济学可以划分为两个分领域：微观经济学和宏观经济学。微观经济学家研究家庭和企业做出的决策以及家庭和企业在市场上的相互交易。宏观经济学家研究影响整体经济的力量和趋势。
　　实证表述是关于世界是什么的断论。规范表述是关于世界应该是什么的断论。当经济学家做出规范表述时，他们的行为更像是政策顾问而不是科学家。
　　经济学家们向决策者提出的建议之所以有时会相互矛盾。不是因为科学判断的差别，就是因为价值观的差别、在另一些时候，经济学家提供的建议是一致的，但由于政治过程施加的力量和约束，决策者可能选择不理会这些建议。
　　Each area has its own language and thinking. Mathematician discusss the axiom, points and vector space. Psychologists talk about self. I am with cognitive disorders. Lawyers discuss the case of the case, infringement and allow for prohibiting the principle of reverse.
　　There is no difference in economists. Supply, demand, comparative advantage of consumer surplus and unnecessary losses - these terms are part of economist language. In the future, you will encounter many new terms that will also encounter some economists to use familiarity in a particular manner. At first glance, this new language seems to have an unnecessary mystery. However, as you will understand, its value is to provide you with a new, useful thinking approach about the world you live.
　　Economists work to study their disciplines with objective attitudes of scientists. Like all scientists, they made an appropriate assumption and established a simplified model to understand the world around us, two simple models are cyclic flow charts and production possibilities.
　　Economics can be pided into two sectors: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microscopic economists study decisions made by families and companies and their mutual transactions in the market. Macroeconomers study the strength and trend of the overall economy.
　　An empirical statement is about what is the discharging of the world. The specification representation is about what the world should be. When economists make normative expressions, their behavior is more like policy advisers rather than scientists.
　　Economists sometimes contradict each other to the recommendations of decision makers. Not because of the difference in scientific judgment, because of the difference in value, at other times, the recommendations provided by economists are consistent, but due to the strength and constraints of political process, decision makers may choose to ignore these recommendations.
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　　素材来源于《经济学基础》——第5版 北京大学出版社
　　图片来源于百度
　　翻译来源于谷歌翻译‍